本文是一篇Assignment代寫范文，題目為：A discussion related to child protection in Australia，本文將分析澳大利亞兒童保護的有效性和成果，以及澳大利亞解決虐待和忽視兒童問題的政策和實踐方法的思想基礎，以及澳大利亞兒童保護帶來的影響。
1.Introduction引言
Australian governments pay much attention to protecting the rights and interests of children, in order to put an end to child abuse and neglect. In this assignment, it will firstly introduce the history of child protection and the corresponding legislation in Australia, as well as the roles played by relevant agencies in child protection. Then the assignment will explain the policies and legislation for child protection, practice frameworks and case management frameworks of child protection. Finally, the assignment will analyze the effectiveness and outcomes of Australian child protection and the ideological underpinnings of Australian policy and practice approaches for solving child abuse and neglect, as well as the impacts brought by Australian child protection.
澳大利亞政府非常重視保護兒童的權利和利益，以結束虐待和忽視兒童的現象。在這項任務中，它將首先介紹澳大利亞兒童保護的歷史和相應的立法，以及相關機構在兒童保護方面所發揮的作用。然后，任務將解釋兒童保護的政策和立法、兒童保護的實踐框架和案例管理框架。最后，本文將分析澳大利亞兒童保護的有效性和成果，以及澳大利亞解決虐待和忽視兒童問題的政策和實踐方法的思想基礎，以及澳大利亞兒童保護帶來的影響。
2.History of child protection and the corresponding legislation in Australia
In the 20th century, the protection agencies and acts for children started to appear in Australia. After 1960s, more clinical researches could be used for proving that mistreated children could easily suffer a serious psychological barrier. Then each state of Australia enacted the laws about child protection. In 1980, the scope of child protection was further enlarged. Except physical violence, the laws also stipulated that some emotional violence like neglect and sexual violence were not allowed. Once the event of child abuse happened, the relevant adults must be treated with a very serious punishment. In 1991, Australian governments established the national protection committee for preventing child abuse and neglect from happening (Edwards & Turnell, 1999).
3.Roles and responsibilities of relevant agencies
Since 1985, the problems of child abuse have been handled by the specialized agencies that can be operated all the daytime rather than police (Jenkins et al., 2018). No matter if a child abuse is found by police, teachers or parents, everyone must report the problem to the specialized agencies, in order to avoid the mutual buck passing among different administrative organizations and let children get an effective help in time. Generally speaking, the specialized agencies can work out some suitable measures by confirming whether the personal circumstances of children accord with the definitions of child abuse and neglect. For example, if a child is maltreated by his or her parents for long period of time, the specialized agencies will take the child to another safe dwelling. While if there is a domestic violence between the parents of a child and even if the child is not beaten by the parents, the specialized agencies will still think that the parents cause an emotional violence to the child and them punish the parents. As a matter of fact, the specialized agencies play a very import role in protecting the children in Australia.
4.Policies and legislation
For the purpose of avoiding the occurrence of child abuse and neglect, Australian governments mainly adopt the following policies and legislation:
1) Extensive prevention
The extensive prevention of child abuse and neglect is mainly carried out by the publicity and education of the mass media, such as the National Children's Week held by National Association for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect every year, the program of going against language violence in Queensland and the publicity implemented by the child protection committee in New South Wales (Sheehan, 2018).
2) Special care for children
Australian governments pay much attention to caring the children who can be easily maltreated by children, such as the children from single parent family and the family that is subjected to a crisis (Bijleveld et al., 2015). In addition, Australian governments also try to provide help for the children from disabled family and indigenous family.
3) Prevention for the recurrence of child abuse and neglect
For the sake of helping the maltreated children and preventing the recurrence of child abuse and neglect, Australian governments make great efforts on looking after the maltreated children and punishing the abusers. It is indeed that Australian governments spend much money on offering service to the maltreated children.
At the same time, there are many organizations that focus on child protection, such as Australian Childhood Foundation, Bravehearts, Act for Kids, Children's Protection Society and Barnardos. With the help of these non-profit organizations, the rights and interests of children can be protected to a great extent in Australia.
On the other hand, Australian governments introduce the compulsory reporting system for child abuse and neglect, in order to keep the case of maltreating children from happening. Actually, the system is targeted at the people from specific groups. If child abuse or neglect happens, the relevant people must report the condition to Australian governments. This means to use the compulsory means of laws to promote people to undertake the obligation of protecting children. For example, in New South Wales, the people who have the responsibility of reporting children abuse and neglect include the personnel who offer children medical service, welfare, education and legal service, as well as the mangers from the organizations which provide the services mentioned above. If these people have enough reasons to believe that certain child has the risk of suffering a serious injury, they must complete the report to Australian governments in time. For the purpose of protecting these whistle-blowers, Australian governments usually try to protect their privacy. While if these whistle-blowers fail to report the facts, they will be investigated for legal responsibility according to the national laws. Under such a strict legislation, more and more people can be promoted to participate in protecting children.
5.Practice frameworks
5.1 Assessment
In order to guarantee a deep understanding on the relevant structural, personal and family factors that can affect the functioning of family and the well-being of child, Australian governments always try to give full consideration to the wider environments, big family and child. If isolation exists or there are only some objective facts, child abuse and neglect cannot be ensured (Schmied et al., 2015). During the procedure of assessment, there are also a few contextual factors related to child abuse and neglect, including cultural norms, geographic or location factors, social networks, peer group activity, family history, neighbourhood factors, immediate circumstances and timing, socioeconomic issues, gender issues and school environment. Besides, Australian governments pay much attention to the mental and physical health of children. As for the mental health, Australian governments mainly confirm whether children suffer a fear, anger or frustration in peacetime. For the sake of guaranteeing the effectiveness of child protections, Australian governments usually assess the needs and caregivers of children. In the meantime, Australian governments also evaluate family members' ability to deal with the problems that children face. For the purpose of evaluating whether a family is kind to the child, Australian governments usually try to identify and weigh the information about the family (O'Neill et al., 2018). From the view of Australian governments, children mainly need security, stability and attachment. Besides, parents should have the ability to guarantee their children's security and emotional warmth. In a family, if mental illness, disabilities, use of alcohol and drug can be found, the family can be accused of child maltreatment. In fact, the assessment of Australian governments focus on the risk level of future harm for children.
5.2 Intervention
Australian always try to make the interventions in in child abuse and neglect professional. The decisions related to intervention are always informed by the intervention methods which can probably bring the expected desires and the procedure of assessment (Featherstone et al., 2014). When power is applied in the collaboration collaboration with parents, parents will be inclined to working with intervention. In the opinion of Australian governments, it is very necessary to let the cases about child abuse and neglect get active intervention. Most of the time, Australian governments use monitoring interventions to avoid the occurrence of child abuse and neglect. While before implementing the interventions, Australian governments often assess if the interventions can realize the expected objectives. In order to guarantee that the interventions can be as affective as possible, it is very important that the participation should refer to each related party rather than be limited to practitioners.
6.Case management frameworks
Australian governments manage the cases about child abuse and neglect by guaranteeing that each relevant party can be clear about what children really need and how to satisfy the needs of children (Lonne et al., 2015). The case management frameworks are mainly shown as below:
1) Develop some plans for avoiding the occurrence of child abuse and neglect.
2) Provide essential services for children so as to protect their rights and interests.
3) Intervene in child protection by monitoring child abuse and neglect.
4) Assess if the behavioral interventions are effective for eliminating child abuse and neglect.
5) Review the plans for avoiding child abuse and neglect, in order to make some adjustments accordingly.
With the goal of letting children get rid of abuse and neglect, Australian governments are responsible for proving the funds for supporting child protection and collecting information about the situation of children (Invernizzi, 2016). Furthermore, Australian governments are also in charge of managing and implementing the work of child protection. To be specific, Australian governments protect the rights and interest of children by drawing support from child protection act, evaluation system for child abuse and neglect, as well as regional and national supervisory organizations which take the responsibility of supervising child abuse and neglect.
7.Effectiveness and outcomes
Due to the use of out of home care, children can be hardly subject to abuse and neglect in Australia. It is no exaggeration to say that children are treated as gods around the country and every child can enjoy the treatment of first-class citizen (Henman, 2015). In the unremitting efforts made by Australian governments, children can live a very happy life most of the society. The whole Australian society attaches importance to child protection and most children can have some opportunities of fully developing themselves. Even if parents cannot fully meet the demands of their children, Australian governments can give them help by some suitable interventions and thus children can get a good protection. In the modern Australian society, children can be always respected and protected well. Moreover, children can always obtain love and care from not only their parents, but also the society. So in a manner of speaking, abuse and neglect almost have nothing to do with children in Australia.
8.Ideological underpinnings of policy and practice approaches
The future development of Australia cannot do without children and children can bring hope to Australia. It is beyond question that children will become the masters of Australia in the twenty-first century. The protection for children can lay a very solid foundation for the improvement of the population quality. There is no doubt that children protection can be considered as a precondition of Australian development and directly concern prospect and destiny of Australia. If there is no child protection, the nation-building of Australia cannot be carried out smoothly. As one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world, Australia is in sore need of the population growth which keeps a very close connection with the healthy growth of children. In other words, if Australian governments do not make a point of training children, it will probably slip into recession within a short period of time. It is certain that children should be allowed to enjoy human rights. As a special group, children should be qualified for enjoying the same rights with adults in Australia. Taking children as the individuals who can own rights is a consensus in the international society and Australia is also no exception. However, the human rights of children cannot be separated from child protection.
9.Impacts brought by child protection
By child protection, children can exempt from abuse and neglect in Australia. In such a situation, children can keep away from physical and psychological harm. By safeguarding the rights and interests of children, children can realize a significant development in many aspects. Only under a good protection, it is possible for children to grow healthily.
10.Conclusion
There are some perfect policies and legislation for child protection in Australia and the relevant agencies play a key role in taking the responsibility of child protection. By the interventions of Australian governments in child protection, child abuse and neglect can be effectively avoided. Besides, the use of out of home care promotes Australian children to realize a healthy growth. In consideration of the significance of child protection, it is a very wise choice for Australia to focus on child protection.
澳大利亞有一些完善的兒童保護政策和立法，相關機構在承擔兒童保護責任方面發揮著關鍵作用。通過澳大利亞政府在兒童保護方面的干預，可以有效避免虐待和忽視兒童。此外，戶外護理的使用促進了澳大利亞兒童的健康成長?？紤]到兒童保護的重要性，澳大利亞將重點放在兒童保護上是一個非常明智的選擇。
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